Brings students of all skill levels to the knowledge required for Pre-Algebra. Useful as an intervention math course and/or grade6.

Pre-Algebra builds off of Foundations and prepares students for a successful algebraic education. Unlock Pre-Algebra will explain in an easy to understand method as what seems complex becomes understandable. The course reviews topics such as integers, fractions, decimals, percent, and geometry, while introducing students to new topics.

The course begins with an emphasis on linear equations, functions and inequalities before introducing more advanced functions. Topics covered in these units include solving linear equations, calculating slope and rate of change, graphing linear functions and inequalities, and using linear functions to analyze real world problems. Non-linear functions including quadratic, exponential, rational, and radical functions make up the bulk of the subject matter in the middle of the course. These units cover topics such as operations with exponents, exponential decay and growth, graphing, factoring and solving quadratic functions, graphing and analyzing radical and rational functions, and transformations of various functions. Other important topics such as systems of linear equations, trigonometry, sequences and statistics round out the end of the course curriculum. Topics in these units include solving systems of equations with substitution, elimination and graphing, using the basic trigonometric ratios and graphing their functions, arithmetic and geometric sequences, measures of central tendency and measures of spread. In this course, students will apply both algebraic concepts and graphical methods to solve real world problems.

Topics covered in this course include logic and reasoning, distance and length, angles, polygons, circles, perimeter, area, the coordinate plane, transformations, trigonometry, volume, surface area, and probability. Students will using logical thought processes to prove theorems involving segments, lines, angles, triangles and circles. Students then use these theorems to analyze and solve problems with these geometric figures. Students use the coordinate plane to view geometry with a more analytical perspective. On the coordinate plane, students will calculate distances, slope, area and perimeter, and perform transformations on points, segments and polygons. Students also learn to find surface area and volume of three dimensional objects and solve application problems. Lastly, students study probability and make analytical decision based on calculations involving independent and dependent events, the fundamental counting principal, compound probability, set theory, permutations and combinations.
This course is best taken in between Algebra I and Algebra II. While not a direct successor to Algebra I, Geometry requires that students have a strong foundation of algebraic skills in order to manipulate equations and solve problems that arise in Geometry. By completing Geometry, students become better prepared for Algebra II, improving their problem-solving skills, abstract and critical thinking, spatial awareness, and logical reasoning.

Algebra II is the direct successor to Algebra I and builds on each of the concepts studied within it. An emphasis on functions returns as the functional families learned in Algebra I are studied in more detail. Algebra II expands on quadratic, polynomial, exponential, radical and rational functions and introduces logarithmic functions. Students learn how to use and operate on complex numbers so that complex solutions of quadratic and polynomial functions can be considered. After studying these functions, the focus shifts to more advanced algebraic concepts such as conic sections, trigonometry, series and summations, and statistics. Students examine the properties of parabolas, circles, hyperbolas and ellipses, and write equations representing each. Students also study advanced applications of trigonometry including graphing the reciprocal trig functions and modelling the primary trig functions. In statistics, new topics include sampling methods, normal distribution, probability, and margin of error.
Algebra II plays a crucial role in preparing students for upper level math courses such as Calculus. This course focuses on more abstract and theoretical concepts, allowing students to improve their critical thought processes.

Pre-Calculus builds on the concepts of Algebra II and prepares students for Calculus, and moreover, post-secondary mathematics. The course begins with a review of functions and quadratics and expands on polynomial, rational, exponential, logarithmic and trigonometric functions. Slant and parabolic asymptotes are introduced to rational functions. Pre-Calculus also expands upon complex numbers and conic sections; introducing the complex plane and parametric functions. New units include vectors, matrices, analytic trigonometry and polar coordinates. The course concludes with a review of sequences and series, and finally, an Introduction to Calculus.

Introduction to Numbers
Base Ten
Natural and Whole Numbers
Comparing
Place Value Part I
Place Value Part II
Rounding
Estimating

Introduction to Addition and Subtraction
Multi-Digit Addition
Multi-Digit Addition Part II
Multi-Digit Subtraction
Multi-Digit Subtraction Part II
Introduction to Multiplication
Multiplying 10’s, 100’s, & 1000’s
Multi-Digit Multiplication
Multiplying 2-digit Numbers
Multiplying 3-Digit Numbers

Introduction to Division
Simple Division
Long Division
Long Division with 3 & 4 Digits
Division with Remainders
Division with Remainders Part II

Introduction to Integers
Integers on a Number Line
Comparing Integers
Absolute Value
Adding Integers
Subtracting Integers
Multiplying Integers
Dividing Integers

Introduction to Exponents
Expanded and Exponential Form Part I
Expanded and Exponential Form Part II
Calculating Exponents
Negative Numbers with Exponents
Exponents of 1 and 0
Exponents in the Real World

Intro to Order of Operations
Parentheses & Brackets
Commutative Property of Addition
Commutative Property of Multiplication
Associative Property
Fact Families

Factors
Prime Factorization
Greatest Common Factor
Multiples
Lowest Common Multiples
Divisibility
Divisibility Part II

Introduction to Fractions
Equivalent Fractions
Simplifying Fractions
Comparing Fractions
Ordering Fractions
Adding and Subtracting Fractions
Adding and Subtracting Fractions Part II
Multiplying Fractions
Dividing Fractions
Dividing with Reciprocals

Introduction to Mixed and Improper Fractions
Converting Mixed to Improper Fractions
Converting Improper to Mixed Fractions
Comparing Improper and Proper Fractions
Comparing Improper and Mixed Fractions
Adding and Subtracting Improper Fractions
Adding and Subtracting Mixed Fractions
Adding and Subtracting Mixed Fractions Part II
Multiplying Improper and Mixed Fractions
Dividing Improper and Mixed Fractions

Introduction to Decimals
Place Value of Decimals
Rounding Decimals
Comparing Decimals
Adding Decimals
Subtracting Decimals
Multiplying Decimals
Dividing Decimals
Dividing Numbers Without Remainders
Terminating and Repeating Decimals
Converting Fractions to Decimals
Converting Decimals to Fractions
Rational and Irrational Numbers

Intro to Ratios
Ratio and Proportion
Unit Rate
Unit Price
Percent
Percent Part 2
Finding Percent of a Number
Discounts, Sales and Tax

Intro to Geometry
Points, Lines and Lengths
Measuring Angles
Types of Angles
Triangles
Squares & Rectangles
Rhombuses & Parallelograms
Perimeter
Introduction to Area
Area of Squares and Rectangles
Area of Triangles

Introduction to Data Management
Mode
Median
Mean
Pictographs
Bar Graphs
Line Graphs
Scatter Plots
Stem and Leaf Plots

Introduction to Whole Numbers
Place Value of Whole Numbers
Rounding Whole Numbers
Roman Numerals
Patterns

Introduction to Integers
Integers & Absolute Value
Graphing Integers on a Number Line
Comparing & Ordering Integers
Adding Integers
Subtracting Integers
Multiplying Integers
Dividing Integers

Introduction to Variables & Expressions
Writing Expressions
Evaluating Expressions
Order of Operations
Equivalent Expressions
Evaluating Expressions using Substitution
Properties of Real Numbers
Like Terms
Distributive Property

Introduction to Rational Numbers
Divisibility
Factors & Multiples
Prime Numbers
Prime Factors
Exponents
Greatest Common Factor
Least Common Multiple

Introduction to Fractions
Equivalent Fractions & Simplifying
Mixed Numbers & Improper Fractions
Multiplying Fractions
Reciprocals
Fractions – Relating Multiplication & Division
Fractions – Cancelling to Simplify Multiplication
Adding & Subtracting with Like Denominators
Comparing Fractions
Adding & Subtracting with Unlike Denominators

Introduction to Equations
Problem Solving with Equations
Solving Equations Using Addition & Subtraction
Solving Equations Using Multiplication & Division
Solving Equations Using Reciprocals
Solving Multi-Step Equations with Variables on Both Sides
Solving Multi-Step Equations with Fractions
Writing Equations

Introduction to Inequalities
Graphing Inequalities on a Number Line
Adding & Subtracting Inequalities
Multiplying & Dividing Inequalities
Conjunctions & Disjunctions
Solving Inequalities

Introduction to the Coordinate Plane
Graphing a Coordinate Point
Using a Table of Values
First Differences
X and Y Intercepts & Standard Form
Classifying Slope
Calculating Slope
Slope-Intercept Form
Graphing Inequalities
Changing Forms: Standard to Slope

Introduction to Decimals
Decimals and Estimation
Decimals to Fractions
Fractions to Decimals
Scientific Notation
Repeating & Terminating Decimals

Introduction to Percent
Decimals and Percent
Finding Percent of a Number
Simple Interest
Compound Interest
Discount Solving Percent Equations
Percent of Change

Introduction to Polynomials
Adding Polynomials
Subtracting Polynomials
Multiplying Polynomials
Common Factoring

Introduction to Triangles
Triangle Classifications
Square Roots
Pythagorean Theorem

Introduction to 2D Geometry
Parallel & Perpendicular Lines
Classifying Polygons
Interior Angles of Polygons
Exterior Angles of Polygons
Perimeter
Area
Circumference of a circle
Area of a Circle
Area of Irregular Shapes
Perimeter of Irregular Shapes

Introduction to 3D Geometry
Surface Area of a Rectangular Prism
Surface Area of Pyramids
Surface Area of Cylinders
Volume of Rectangular Prisms
Volume of Cylinders & Triangular Prisms
Volume of Pyramids & Cones
Volume and Surface Area of a Sphere

Introduction to Analyzing Data
Line Graphs and Pictographs
Bar Graphs
Stem-and-Leaf Plots
Measures of Central Tendency Part I
Measures of Central Tendency Part II
Box-and-Whisker Plots
Circle Graphs

Introduction to Probability & Statistics
Ratio and Proportion
Unit Rate and Proportion
Simple Probability
Independent Events
Dependent Events
Fundamental Counting Principle

Introduction to Equations
Solving Equations – Adding & Subtracting
Solving Equations – Multiplying & Dividing
Two-Step Equations
Multi-Step & Distributive Part I
Multi-Step & Distributive Part II
Equations with Multiple Variables
Solving Percent Equations
More Applications
Rational & Irrational Numbers

Introduction to Linear Functions
Graphing Coordinate Point
Relations & Linear Functions Part I
Relations & Linear Functions Part II
Direct Variation
Slope & Rate of Change
Calculating Slope
Slope-Intercept Form
X and Y Intercepts & Standard Form
Calculate Slope Using DyDx & Intercepts
Equation of a Line
Special Lines
Cost vs. Time Functions
Distance vs. Time
Inverse Function

Introduction to Inequalities & Absolute Value Functions
Writing Solution Sets
Graphing 1D
Solving Multi-Step
Compound Inequalities
Solving Compound Inequalities
Inequalities in 2D
Absolute Value
Graphing Absolute Value Functions

Introduction to Exponents
The Product Property
The Quotient Property
Zero & Negative Exponents
Fractional Exponents
Power of a Power Property
Power of a Product Property
Power of a Fraction
Order of Operations with Exponents – Numeric
Simplifying Algebraic Expressions with Exponents
Scientific Notation Part I
Scientific Notation Part II
Scientific Notation Part III
Exponential Growth
Exponential Decay
Graphing Exponential Functions

Introduction to Polynomials
Adding Polynomials
Subtracting Polynomials
Adding & Subtracting Polynomials with More Than One Variable
Multiplying Polynomials
Common Factoring
Factoring Polynomials Using the GCF
Factoring Perfect Square Trinomials
Factoring Difference of Squares
Factoring Trinomials
Solving Equations Using Factoring
Graphing the Cubic Function

Introduction to Quadratic Functions
Graphing Quadratic Functions
Graphing Quadratic Functions – Vertex Form
Solving Equations with Square Roots
Solving by Completing the Square
Converting Quadratic Functions into Vertex Form Using Completing the Square
The Quadratic Formula
Complex Numbers
Complex Solutions
Graphing Quadratic Inequalities
Applications of Quadratics

Introduction to Rational Functions
Simplifying Rational Expressions
Adding & Subtracting Rational Expressions
Multiplying Rational Expressions
Dividing Rational Expressions
Solving Rational Equations
Graph of a Rational Function

Introduction to Radical Functions
Prime Factors
Square Roots
Simplifying Radicals – Numerical
Simplifying Radicals – Algebraic
Adding & Subtracting Radicals
Multiplying Radicals
Dividing Radicals
Solving Radical Equations
Graphing Radical Functions
Piecewise Functions
Step Functions

Introduction to Transformations
Domain of Parent Functions
Range of Parent Functions
Translations
Reflections
Vertical Stretches & Compressions
Horizontal Stretches & Compressions
Summary on Transformations
Multiple Transformations

Introduction to Systems of Linear Equations & Inequalities
Graphing Systems of Linear Equations
Graphing Inequalities
Graphing Systems of Inequalities
Evaluating Expressions Using Substitution
Solving a System of Equations by Substitution
Solving Systems of Equations by Elimination
Identifying Types of Systems Using Equations
Writing an Equation
Applications of Systems of Equations & Inequalities
Systems of Linear & Quadratic Equations
System of Non-Linear Equations

Introduction to Trigonometry
Sine Ratio
Cosine Ratio
Tangent Ratio
Graphing the Sine Function
Graphing the Cosine Function

Introduction to Sequences
Sequences in General
Arithmetic Sequences
Geometric Sequences

Introduction to Statistics
Histograms
Measures of Central Tendencies Part I
Measures of Central Tendencies Part II
Scatter Plots
Box and Whisker Plots
Measures of Dispersion Part I
Measures of Dispersion Part II

Introduction to Logic & Proofs
Conditions & Sets
Conditional Statements
Equivalence Properties
Writing Proofs

Introduction to Geometry
Segments, Rays & Length
Segment Addition Postulate
Overlapping Segments Theorem
Congruent Segments

Angles & Measure
Angle Additional Postulate
Congruent Angles
Angle Pairs
Lines, Planes & Transversals
Transversals and Angle Pairs
Transversals & Parallel Lines
Perpendicular Lines

Introduction to Triangles
Classifying Triangles by Side Length
Classifying Triangles by Angles
The Triangle Sum Theorem
The Exterior Angle Theorem
Ratio & Proportions
Similar Triangles
Using Similar Triangles to Solve Problems
Congruent Triangles Part I
Congruent Triangles Part II
Pythagorean Theorem

Introduction to Polygons
Classification of Polygons
Quadrilaterals – Rectangles
Quadrilaterals – Parallelograms
Quadrilaterals – Trapezoids
Interior & Exterior Angles
Similar Polygons

Introduction to Circles
Properties of Tangents I
Property of Tangents II
Property of Tangents III
Arcs & Central Angles
Arc Additional Postulate

Introduction to Perimeter
Perimeter of Triangles
Perimeter of Quadrilaterals
Perimeter of Polygons
Circumference of a Circle
Perimeter of Irregular Shapes

Introduction to Area
Area of Squares & Rectangles
Area of Triangles
Area of Parallelograms
Area of Trapezoids
Area of a Circle
Area of a Sector
Area of Regular Polygons
Area of Irregular Polygons

Introduction to Geometry in the Coordinate Plane
Distance on the Coordinate Plane
Midpoint Formula
Length of Polygons in the Coordinate Plane
Perimeter in the Coordinate Plane
Area in the Coordinate Plane
Equation of a Circle
Calculating Slopes with Rise Over Run
Calculating Slope Using Dy/Dx
Slope Intercept Form of a Line
Parallel & Perpendicular Lines
Quadrilaterals
Parabolas in the Coordinate Plane

Triangles and Altitudes
Triangles & Medians
Triangles & Perpendicular Bisectors
Triangles & Angles Bisectors
Solving Systems of Equations by Substitution
Solving Systems of Equations by Elimination
Triangles & the Orthocentre
Triangles & the Centroid
Triangles & the Circumcentre
Incentre

Primary Trigonometry Ratios
Finding an Unknown Angle
Special Triangles
Law of Sines
Law of Cosines
Trigonometry & Area

Arcs & Chords Part I
Arcs & Chords Part II
Arcs & Chords Part III
Arcs & Chords Part IV
Inscribed Angles
Tangents, Secants and Angles Part I
Tangents, Secants and Angles Part II
Tangents, Secants and Angles Part III
Radian Measure

Introduction to Transformations
Translations
Reflections
Rotations
Dilations
Multiple Transformations & Applications

Introduction to 3D Geometry
Volume of Rectangular Prisms
Volume of Other Prisms
Volume of Pyramids
Volume of Cylinders
Volume of Cones
Volume of Spheres
Density

Introduction to Surface Area
Surface Area of a Prism
Surface Area of Pyramids
Surface Area of Cylinders
Surface Area of Cones
Surface Area of Spheres

Introduction to Probability
Simple Probability
Fundamental Counting Principle
Independent Events
Dependent Events
Compound Probability
Permutations
Combinations
Experimental & Theoretical Probability
Set Theory & Venn Diagrams
Set Theory – Intersection and Union
Set Theory – Disjoint & Complement
Probability Applications

Introduction to Exponents
The Product Property
The Quotient Property
Zero and Negative Exponents
Fractional Exponents
Power of a Power Property
Power of a Product Property
Power of a Fraction
Simplifying Algebraic Expressions with Exponents

Introduction to Systems of Linear Equations & Inequalities
Solving a System of Equations by Substitution
Solving a System of Equations by Elimination
Graphing Systems of Linear Equations
Graphing Systems of Inequalities
Linear Programming

Introduction to Imaginary & Complex Numbers
Adding & Subtracting Complex Numbers
Multiplying Complex Numbers
Complex Conjugates
Dividing Complex Numbers
Absolute Value & Complex Numbers

Introduction to Functions
Function Notation & Evaluation
Domain of a Function & Interval Notation
Range of a Function & Interval Notation
Adding & Subtracting Functions
Multiplying & Dividing Functions
Composition of Functions
Inverse Functions
Composition & Inverse
Piecewise Functions
Step Functions

Introduction to Polynomials
Adding & Subtracting Polynomials
Multiplying Polynomials
Dividing Polynomials Using Long Division
Dividing Polynomials Using Synthetic Division
Remainder Theorem
Factor Theorem
Factor Using GCF & Grouping
Factoring Using Difference of Squares
Factoring Perfect Square Trinomials
Factoring Trinomials with a Positive or Negative Constant
Factoring Using the Sum or Difference of Cubes
Solving Equations Using Factoring & the Zero Product Property

Introduction to Quadratic Functions
Graphing Quadratic Functions in Vertex Form
Solving Quadratic Equations with Square
Roots
Solving Quadratics by Completing the Square
The Quadratic Formula
Converting Quadratic Functions to Vertex Form
Graphing Quadratic Inequalities
Applications of Quadratics

Finding a Polynomial Given the Roots
Location Principle & Multiplicity of Zeros
Rational Root Theorem
The Complex Conjugate Root Theorem
Fundamental Theorem of Algebra & Descartes Rule of Signs
Graphing Polynomials

Introduction to Exponential & Logarithmic Properties
Exponential Growth
Exponential Decay
Logarithmic Functions
Evaluating Logarithmic Functions
Product Property of Logarithms
Quotient Property of Logarithms
Power Property of Logarithms
Exponential-Logarithmic Inverse Properties
Application of Logarithms
The Natural Exponential Function
The Natural Logarithm
Solving Logarithmic Equations

Introduction to Rational Functions
Direct Variation
Inverse Variation
Joint & Combined Variation
Simplifying Rational Expressions
Adding & Subtracting Rational Expressions
Multiplying Rational Expressions
Dividing Rational Expressions
Complex Fractions
Solving Rational Equations
Graph of a Rational Function Part I
Graph of a Rational Function Part II

Introduction to Radical Functions
Simplifying Radicals – Numerical
Simplifying Radicals – Algebraic
Adding and Subtracting Radicals
Multiplying Radicals
Dividing Radicals
Solving Radical Equations
Graphing Radical Functions

Introduction to Conic Sections
Parabolas Part I
Parabolas Part II
Circles Part I
Circles Part II
Ellipses Part I
Ellipses Part II
Hyperbolas Part I
Hyperbolas Part II
Solving Non-Linear Systems

Angles in Standard Position
Radian Measure
Special Triangles & Exact Values
Reciprocal Ratios
Sine Law
Cosine Law
Trigonometric Identities
Graphing Sine & Cosine Functions
Graphing Tangent & Cotangent Functions
Graphing Secant & Cosecant Functions
Applications of Trigonometry Functions
Modelling Trigonometry Functions

Introduction to Series & Patterns
Arithmetic Series
Finite Geometric Series
Infinite Geometric Series
Pascal’s Triangle
Binomial Theorem

Introduction to Statistics
Independent & Dependent Events
Measures of Central Tendency
Range & Mean Deviation
Standard Deviation & Variance
Sampling
Normal Distribution
Margin of Error

Introduction to Functions
Domain of a Function and Interval Notation
Range of a Function and Interval Notation
Composition of Functions
Inverse of Functions
Introduction to Quadratic Functions
Graphing Quadratic Functions in Vertex Form
Solving Quadratic Equations with Square Roots
Solving Quadratics by Completing the Square
Converting to Vertex Form by Completing the Square
Graphing Quadratic Inequalities

2.1 Introduction to Polynomials
2.2 Finding a Polynomial Given the Roots
2.3 Dividing Polynomials Using Long Division
2.4 Dividing Polynomials Using Synthetic Division
2.5 Remainder Theorem/Factor Theorem
2.6 Location principle & Multiplicity of Zeros
2.7 Rational Root Theorem
2.8 Complex Conjugate Root Theorem
2.9 Fundamental Theorem of Algebra & Descartes Rule of signs
2.10 Graphing Polynomials

Introduction to Rational Functions
Graphing Rational Functions
Graphing Rational Functions Part II
Slant Asymptotes
Parabolic Asymptotes
Multiplying and Dividing Rational Expressions
Solving Rational Equations

Introduction to Exponential & Logarithmic Functions
Graphing Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions and Change of Base Formula
Properties of Logarithms
Exponential/Logarithmic Inverse Property
Natural Exponentials & Logarithms
Solving Exponential Equations
Solving Logarithmic Equations
Fitting Log Functions to Data

Introduction to Vectors
Vectors in Two Dimensions
Adding & Subtracting Vectors
Multiplying Vectors by a Scalar
Vector Components
Vector Notation
Operations in Vector Noation
Dot Product

Introduction to Matrices
Basic Matrix Operations
Matrix Multiplication
Determinant of 2×2 Matrices
Determinant of 3×3 Matrices
Inverse of Matrices
Elementary Row Operations & Augmented Matrices
Using Matrices to Solve 2×2 Systems
Using Matrices to Solve 3×3 Systems

Introduction to Complex
Adding and Subtracting Complex Numbers
Multiplying Complex Numbers
Complex Conjugate & Dividing
The Complex Plane
Modulus of Complex Numbers
Distance in the Complex Plane
Midpoint in the Complex Plane

Introduction to Trigonometric Functions
Radian Measure
Standard Position & Reference Angles
Special Triangles and Exact Ratios
Graphing the Sine and Cosine Functions
Graphing the Tangent and Cotangent Functions
Graphing the Secant and Cosecant Functions
Applications of Trigonometric Functions
Modelling Trigonometric Functions
Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Introduction to Analytic Trigonometry
Cofunction, Periodicity and Negative Angle Identities
Addition and Subtraction Identities
Double and Half-Angle Identities
Product to Sum Identities
Solving Trigonometric Equations Algebraically
Solving Trigonometric Equations with Identities

Introduction to Conic Sections
Parabolas
Parabolas Part II
Circles
Circles Part II
Ellipses
Ellipses Part II
Hyperbolas
Hyperbolas Part II
Solving Non Linear Systems
Parametric Equations
Parametric Equations of Conic Sections

Introduction to Polar Coordinates
Converting Rectangular to Polar Coordinates
Converting Polar to Rectangular Coordinates
Polar Equations and Graphs
Eccentricity of Conic Sections
Polar Equations of Conic Sections
Complex Numbers in Polar Notation
Multiplication and Division with Polar Notation
DeMoivre’s Theorem

Introduction to Sequences and Series
Sequences & Series
Arithmetic Sequences
Arithmetic Series
Geometric Sequences
Finite Geometric Series
Infinite Geometric Series
Permutations and Combinations
Pascal’s Triangle
Binomial Theorem

Introduction to Calculus
Limits and Continuity
Limits Involving Infinity
Slope of a Tangent Line
The Power Rule
The Product and Quotient Rules
The Chain Rule
Applications of Derivatives
Antiderivatives
Integrals and the Area Under a Curve

In Grade 6 Mathematics, students will expand their knowledge of number sense, operations, patterns and relationships, equations and inequalities, data literacy, probability, geometric and spatial reasoning, and measurement.

In Grade 7 Mathematics, students will expand their knowledge of number sense, operations, patterns and relationships, equations and inequalities, data literacy, probability, geometric and spatial reasoning, and measurement.

In Grade 8 Mathematics, students will expand their knowledge of number sense, operations, patterns and relationships, equations and inequalities, data literacy, probability, geometric and spatial reasoning, and measurement.

In Principles of Mathematics, Grade 9; students will expand their knowledge of number sense and algebra, analytic geometry, and measurement. Students will also be introduced to linear relations, where they will explore the equation of a line in algebraic and data management applications.

In Principles of Mathematics, Grade 10; students will expand their knowledge of geometry and trigonometry. Students will also be introduced to quadratic relations, where they will explore parabolas in algebraic and graphical applications.

In Functions, Grade 11; students will expand their knowledge of algebra, exponents, and trigonometry. Where previous courses covered relations, this course formalizes the algebra of functions. Students will learn about the characteristics of functions, exponential functions, discrete functions, and trigonometric functions.

In Advanced Functions, Grade 12; students will expand their knowledge of exponential and trigonometric functions to study logarithmic functions and analytic trigonometry. Students will also learn more advanced characteristics of functions to study rates of change and combinations of functions.